Roman Numeral Converter
Convert numbers to Roman numerals (e.g., 2023 to MMXXIII) or vice versa.
Roman Numerals Guide
Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.
Basic Symbols
- I = 1
- V = 5
- X = 10
- L = 50
- C = 100
- D = 500
- M = 1000
Rules
- Addition: When a symbol appears after a larger (or equal) symbol, it is added (e.g., VI = 5 + 1 = 6).
- Subtraction: When a symbol appears before a larger symbol, it is subtracted (e.g., IV = 5 - 1 = 4).
- Maximum: Standard rules allow numbers up to 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX). For larger numbers, a vinculum (overline) is historically used to multiply by 1,000, but "M" is often repeated in modern contexts.
Common Uses Today
- Super Bowl numbers (e.g. Super Bowl LVII)
- Movie copyright dates (e.g. MCMLXXXVIII)
- Clock faces
- Monarch names (e.g. Queen Elizabeth II)